The following list includes a number of available references on biphasic technology. We encourage you to visit Why SMART Biphasic? for summaries and commentaries on some of these key studies, and to learn what sets SMART Biphasic apart from the rest. We will also continue to update these references, so consider us your resource for biphasic research.  Niemann, JT, Walker RG, Rosborough, JP, et al. Intracardiac voltage gradients during transthoracic defibrillation: Implications for post-shock myocardial injury. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2005.
| Bardy, GH, Gilner BE, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Truncated biphasic pulses for transthoracic defibrillation. Circulation 1995;91:1768-1774. | Bardy GH, Marchlinski FE, Sharma AD, Worley SJ, Luceri RM, Yee R, et al. Multicenter comparison of truncated biphasic shocks and standard damped sine wave monophasic shocks for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation. Circulation 1996;94:2507-2514. | Cummins RO, et al. Low-Energy Biphasic Waveform Defibrillation: Evidence-Based Review Applied to Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guidelines. | Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE, et al. Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. Biomed Instrumentation & Technol 1998;32:631-644. | Gliner BE, White RD. Electrocardiographic evaluation of defibrillation shocks delivered to out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 1999;41:133-144. | Page RL, Kerber R, Russell JK, et al. Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation. The results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. American College Cardiology 2002;39:1956-1963. | Schneider T, Martens P, Paschen HP, et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Circulation 2000;102:1780-1787. | Tang W, Weil MH, Klouche K, et al. Effects of low- and higher-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation on success of resuscitation and post- resuscitation myocardial function. Circulation (Suppl) 1999;100(18):I-662(#3491). | Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson DB, et al. Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Critical Care Medicine 2002;30(12):2736-2741. | Tang W, Weil MH, Sun Shijie, et al. The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function. Amer Coll Cardiol 1999;34(3):815-822. | Weaver WD, Cobb, LA, Copass MK, et al. Ventricular fibrillation - a comparative trial using 175-J and 320-J shocks. N Engl JMed 1982;307:1101-1106. | | White RD, Russell JK. Refibrillation, resuscitation and survival in out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest victims treated with biphasic automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 2002;55:17-23. |
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